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The EcoCAR3 team of California State University, Los Angeles designed a Parallel Post Transmission Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PPT PHEV) that will maintain consumer acceptability in the areas of performance, utility and safety with the end-goal of reducing Well-to-Wheel Green House Gas (WTW GHG) emissions and Well-to-Wheel Petroleum Energy Use (WTW PEU). The team utilizes the 2016 Chevrolet Camaro platform with modifications such as 2.4L Ecotec engine, a 134 HP electric motor and a 12.6 KW/h battery pack. ...Also presented, is the optimized propulsion control strategy which lowers WTW GHG and WTW PEU achieved while extending energy storage system life, increasing the mpgge to 59.6 under the new modified control strategy defined as “I.W.U.”

In this regard, Brazil has agreed in reducing GHG by 50% until 2030. Flexfuel technology was introduced in the Brazilian market decreasing fuel conversion efficiency due to the use of an intermediary compression ratio value, lower in comparison with the best value for engines exclusively fueled with ethanol and higher for gasoline. ...Many European countries have been pointing to the electrification of the light vehicle as a solution to mitigate GHG, which is neither best nor a feasible solution for the future of Brazilian mobility. Brazil has an average of 5000 Wh/m2 of solar irradiation per day having 66.3 million hectares of cultivated land (only 7.8% of the national territory), therefore a much higher biomass production capacity compared to Europe.

WTW analyses of HDVs becomes increasingly important to understand the fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions impacts of newly enacted and future HDV regulations from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. ...This paper introduces the new GREET HDV module, which allows for the analysis of fuel consumption, GHG emissions, and air pollutant emissions of 12 conventional (i.e. diesel and/or gasoline) HDV types, including combination long-haul freight trucks, refuse trucks, single-unit delivery trucks, transit buses, and school buses.

Optimal energy management of hybrid electric vehicles has previously been shown to increase fuel economy (FE) by approximately 20% thus reducing dependence on foreign oil, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and reducing Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Mono Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions. This demonstrated FE increase is a critical technology to be implemented in the real world as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) rise in production and consumer popularity. ...Once these research gaps have been filled, HEVs may have the potential to substantially increase the FE standard and remove ICE vehicles as the leading consumer of petroleum and leading contributor of GHG, CO, and NOx emissions.

This is an important goal from two viewpoints: fuel economy and greenhouse gases (GHG) containment, with benefits in terms of global warming and climate change. At the same time, traffic stops are due to the detection of other pollutants, as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PMx), which are harmful for human health. ...Then, the AT strategy was tested in order to demonstrate its effectiveness, both on terms of fuel economy and GHG emissions or containment of a particular pollution, if required.

Plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have several attractive features in terms of reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Compared to conventional vehicles (CVs) that only have an internal combustion engine (ICE), PHEVs have better energy efficiency like regular hybrids (HEVs), allow for electrifying an appreciable portion of traveled miles, and have no range anxiety issues like battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs). ...Unlike GHG emissions, criteria emissions are not continuously emitted in proportional quantities to fossil fuel consumption.

As part of the midterm evaluation of the 2022-2025 light-duty GHG emissions rule, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been evaluating fuel efficiency data from tests on newer model engines and vehicles. ...The data is used as inputs to an EPA vehicle simulation model created to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from light-duty vehicles. The Advanced Light Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) model is a physics-based, full vehicle computer simulation capable of analyzing various vehicle types with different powertrain technologies and showing realistic vehicle behavior and auditing of all internal energy flows in the model.

The challenge involves designing a crossover SUV powertrain to reduce fuel consumption, petroleum energy use and well-to-wheels (WTW) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In order to interface with and control the vehicle, the team added a National Instruments (NI) CompactRIO (cRIO) to act as a hybrid vehicle supervisory controller (HVSC). ...This paper will detail the high-level control strategy decision making structure, and how this control strategy, implemented in the VTREX vehicle, allows the team to achieve its goal of reducing petroleum energy use by at least 80% and GHG emissions by at least 30%. Real-world vehicle testing data is presented in support of the research.

The Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis tool was created by EPA to evaluate the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions of Light-Duty (LD) vehicles. It is a physics-based, forward-looking, full vehicle computer simulator capable of analyzing various vehicle types combined with different powertrain technologies. ...Version 1.0 of the ALPHA tool was applicable only to conventional, non-hybrid vehicles and was used to evaluate off-cycle technologies such as air-conditioning, electrical load reduction technology and road load reduction technologies for the 2017-2025 LD GHG rule. The next version of the ALPHA tool will extend its modeling capabilities to include power-split and P2 parallel hybrid electric vehicles and their battery pack energy storage systems.

The Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) tool was created by EPA to evaluate the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions of Light-Duty (LD) vehicles. It is a physics-based, forward-looking, full vehicle computer simulator capable of analyzing various vehicle types combined with different powertrain technologies. ...Version 1.0 of the ALPHA tool was applicable only to conventional, non-hybrid vehicles and was used to evaluate off-cycle technology such as air-conditioning, electrical load reduction technology and road load reduction technologies for the 2017-2025 LD GHG and Fuel Economy rule. The next version of the ALPHA tool extends its modeling capabilities to include power-split and P2 parallel hybrid electric vehicles and their battery pack energy storage systems.

However, it is not clear if these proposals will reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions from raw material extraction, manufacturing, and power generation are shadowed by the focus on reducing the reliance on fossil fuel use. ...Life-cycle analysis (LCA) can assess the GHG emissions produced before, during and after the life of a vehicle in a cradle-to-grave analysis.

Light-duty vehicles are responsible for over 16% greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States. Human driving behavior has a significant impact on vehicle efficiency, the emission of GHG and primary pollutants, and safety. ...Human driving behavior has a significant impact on vehicle efficiency, the emission of GHG and primary pollutants, and safety. With environmental health in mind, both academia and industry have the opportunity to develop advanced sensor and complementary control technologies to manage the human role.

The Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) tool was created by EPA to evaluate the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions of Light-Duty (LD) vehicles [1]. ALPHA is a physics-based, forward-looking, full vehicle computer simulation capable of analyzing various vehicle types combined with different powertrain technologies. ...As a result of the model refinements and in preparation for the mid-term evaluation (MTE) of the 2022-2025 LD GHG emissions standards, the model is being revalidated with newly acquired vehicle data. This paper presents an analysis of the effects of varying the absolute and relative gear ratios of a given transmission on carbon emissions and performance.

As part of its midterm evaluation of the 2022-2025 light-duty greenhouse gas (GHG) standards, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been acquiring fuel efficiency data from testing of recent engines and vehicles. ...The benchmarking data are used as inputs to EPA’s Advanced Light Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) vehicle simulation model created to estimate GHG emissions from light-duty vehicles. For complete powertrain modeling, ALPHA needs both detailed engine fuel consumption maps and transmission efficiency maps.

The main objective of this research is an investigation of the impact of alternative fuel properties on light vehicle engine performance and greenhouse gases (GHG). The purpose of the present study is to provide decision-makers with tools that will accelerate the implementation of biofuels into the market. ...Additionally, the validation stage consisted of residual analysis confirmed the accuracy of both models. The GHG part estimates the change of carbon dioxide emissions based on fuel consumption, which represents the tailpipe emissions.

Besides those efforts paid for sheer improvements of genuine vehicle technologies, NISSAN testified that “connectivity” with outside servers contributed a lot to reduce fuel consumption, thus the less emission of GHG, with two major factors; 1. detouring the traffic congestions with the support of probe-based real-time traffic information and 2. providing Eco-driving advices for the better driving behavior to prompt the better usage of energy.

The ever-increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector poses challenges to the entire industry. Since the release of the new European CO2 fleet emission targets demanding a massive reduction in the upcoming years (-15%/-31% in 2025/2030 vs. the 2021 figures), substantial initiatives have been launched to ensure the development of affordable solutions. goals meeting the market requirements.

The Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) tool was created by EPA to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from light-duty (LD) vehicles [1]. ALPHA is a physics-based, forward-looking, full vehicle computer simulation capable of analyzing various vehicle types combined with different powertrain technologies.

This study emphasizes the fact that there lies value and potential savings in harmonizing some of the inherent differences between the USA, EU, and China regulations with respect to the role of vehicle mass and lightweighting within Fuel Economy (FE) and Green House Gas (GHG) regulations. The definition and intricacies of FE and mass regulations for the three regions (USA, EU, and China) have been discussed and compared.

The test results allow the establishment of a correlation between the green house gases (GHG) emissions from gasoline and ethanol fuelled vehicles and its implications on the green house effect on a well-to-wheel basis.